Chemogenetics combines chemical interactions with genetic engineering to regulate cellular physiological activities. This technique typically involves the use of genetically engineered macromolecules that interact specifically with synthetic molecules. The most commonly utilized macromolecules in chemogenetics are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ligand-gated ion channels, which are modified to respond to specific small molecules rather than their natural ligands.

One of the most popular tools in chemogenetics is DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs). These receptors are engineered from GPCRs to have minimal sensitivity to their natural ligands but can be selectively activated by synthetic compounds like clozapine N-oxide. Activation of DREADDs triggers a G-protein signaling cascade, leading to various physiological changes. Below is a list of commonly used DREADDs.

 

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